Mr.TAYO NGUESSEU THIERRY
Antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments activities for youth peoples in Cameroon.
Title: Antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments in Africa
Biography
Biography: Mr.TAYO NGUESSEU THIERRY
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant pathogens are profoundly important to human health, but the environmental reservoirs of resistance determinants are poorly understood. The origins of antibiotic resistance in the environment is relevant to human health because of the increasing importance of zoonotic diseases as well as the need for predicting emerging resistant pathogens. This Review explores the presence and spread of antibiotic resistance in non-agricultural, non-clinical environments and demonstrates the need for more intensive investigation on this subject.
Antibiotic resistance genes in human pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus1 have become notorious because they confound the tools that are used to treat disease (FIG. 1). In particular, resistance determinants in pathogens are commonly encountered after the introduction of an antibiotic to clinical use, and treating human pathogens with antibiotics directly affects the frequency of resistance to those antibiotics in these pathogens1–4. The presence of antibiotic resistance elements in pathogenic bacteria is made all the more problematic because of the prevalence of horizontal gene transfer, the process by which bacteria acquire genes from the environment5 . Many of the known antibiotic resistance genes are found on transposons, integrons or plasmids, which can be mobilized and transferred to other bacteria of the same or different species. There is evidence of the transfer of resistance elements to known human commensal bacteria and pathogens6,7 , and gene transfer in the human intestinal microbiome is extensive8 . What are the sources and reservoirs of these transferable genes? A full understanding of the pressures and circumstances that lead to the evolution and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in pathogens is impossible without a detailed examination of the origin and role of resistance genes in natural environments. This Review discusses the environmental sources of antibiotic