Annual Congress on Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance December 06-07, 2018
Hotel Hyatt Place Amsterdam Airport, Netherlands

Antibiotics belong to a class of antimicrobials, a larger group which also includes anti-virals, anti-fungal, and anti-parasitic drugs. The main classes of antibiotics are Beta-Lactams which again include Penicillins and cephalosporin, Macrolides, Fluoroquinolones, Tetracyclines, and Aminoglycosides.

Immunology is an incredibly exciting and broad area of the biomedical sciences. Immunology is also fundamental to the life sciences industry; the discipline is core to the development of modern antibody therapies, cellular therapies, small molecule drugs, vaccines and 'biologics' (therapeutic biomolecules). Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. The use of immune system components to treat a disease or disorder is known as immunotherapy. Immunotherapy is most commonly used in the context of the treatment of cancers together with chemotherapy (antibiotics) and radiotherapy (radiation).

Antimicrobial resistance happens when microorganisms (such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites) change when they are exposed to antimicrobial drugs (such as antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, antimalarial, and anthelmintic). Without effective antimicrobials for prevention and treatment of infections, medical procedures such as organ transplantation, cancer chemotherapy, diabetes management and major surgery become very high risk. Antimicrobial resistance is a complex problem that affects all of society and is driven by many interconnected factors. Single, isolated interventions have limited impact. There have been increasing public calls for global collective action to address the threat, including a proposal for international treaty on antimicrobial resistance.

The choice of relevant antibiotics is presently based on individual patient’s need. A large number of bacterial diseases have been brought under control by using antibiotics. These include pneumonia, cholera, tuberculosis and leprosy. The antifungal antibiotic griseofulvin has controlled the debilitating fungal skin diseases such as ring worm. Antibiotics can be used in many other fields rather than a Antimicrobial agent. There are certain antibiotics which can be used in canning Industry or antibiotics such as penicillins, tetracyclines, erythromycins were very widely used in processing of animal feeds.

Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria develop the ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them. Antibiotic resistance can naturally evolve via natural selection through random mutation, but it could also be engineered by applying an evolutionary stress on a population. Overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as second- and third-generation cephalosporin, can develop resistance very easily.  Bacteria have an ability to neutralize an antibiotic by changing it in a way that makes it harmless others have learned how to pump an antibiotic back outside of the bacteria. Some bacteria can change their outer structure so that the antibiotic cannot attach itself to the bacteria’s body.

Antibiotic action falls under main five mechanism

• Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis
• Inhibition of Protein Synthesis (Translation)
• Alteration of Cell Membranes
• Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
• Antimetabolite Activity

Different antibiotics have different modes of action, owing to the nature of their structure and degree of affinity to certain target sites within bacterial cells.  

The potentiation of toxic side effects of one drug by another is a common type of interaction. Alcohol can interact severely with antibiotic Antibiotics can also interact with birth Control pills greatly. There are two ways that antibiotics potentially can reduce the action of birth control pills. Birth control pills contain estrogens so some antibiotics cause the enzymes in the liver to increase the break-down of estrogens and thereby can decrease the levels of estrogens in the body and thus can reduce the effectiveness of the pills. 

Prescription of antibiotics in children is a scrupulous act. Side effects from antibiotics are a common reason that children go to the emergency room. The drugs can cause diarrhea or vomiting, and about 5 in 100 children have allergies to them. Some of these allergic reactions can be serious and life threatening. The repeat prescriptions at interval 0–2 days may be considered as overprescribing. 

The idea that the effect of a drug in the human body is mediated by specific interactions of the drug molecule with biological macromolecules, (proteins or nucleic acids in most cases) led scientists to the conclusion that individual chemicals are required for the biological activity of the drug. This made for the beginning of the modern era in pharmacology, as pure chemicals, instead of crude extracts of medicinal plants, became the standard drugs.

Antibiotic prophylaxis is the use of antibiotics before surgery or a dental procedure to prevent a bacterial infection. Antimicrobial prophylaxis is commonly used by clinicians for the prevention of numerous infectious diseases, including herpes simplex infection, rheumatic fever, recurrent cellulitis, meningococcal disease, recurrent uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women etc. The choice of antibiotics should be made according to data on pharmacology, microbiology, clinical experience and economy. Drugs should be selected with a reasonable spectrum of activity against pathogens likely to be encountered.

The increasing fear of drug-resistant superbugs is leading to a growing push for the next generation of antibiotics. The development of new antibiotics is crucial to controlling current and future infectious diseases caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The discovery of a new antibiotic called teixobactin was announced by international team of researchers in 2017. The researchers now plan on studying the bacteria and decide what tools might be able to control its behavior to release its full antibiotic potential. An expected 5– 10% of all hospitalizations are perplex by a nosocomial disease with an expected cost of $4.5– 5.7 billion every year in the USA alone. More varieties of biological solution are yet to be discovered in this field.

Antibiotics can be used in non-medical industries. They are mainly used  in animal husbandry, bee-keeping, fish farming and other forms of aquaculture, ethanol production, horticulture, antifouling paints, food preservation, and domestically. 

Laboratory-produced drugs used to target and destroy cancerous cells. Therapeutic anticancer antibiotics have become an accepted treatment for certain types of cancer. These drugs bind specifically to primary and metastatic cancer cells to block cell growth, while limiting effects on surrounding healthy cells. Antibiotic medicines kill malignant cells by fragmenting the DNA in the cell nucleus and by oxidizing critical compounds the cells need.   

For patients receiving chemotherapy, there is an increased risk of infection due to a low white blood cell count (neutropenia) caused by a toxic effect of chemotherapy on the bone marrow. Preventive antibiotic therapy before the development of fever prevents illness and death in people with a low white blood cell count after chemotherapy.

Certain microorganisms such as the cordial microscopic organisms that colonize the linings of the insides, upper respiratory tract, and lower urinary framework, withstanding the microorganisms, adding to safe protection and great absorption. Numerous alternatives to antibiotics are already being tested by researchers around the world. Two of these are the use of metals such as silver, zinc, and copper and the use of organic acids such as food acid that is used as a preservative in the food industry.

Antibiotics are strong medicines that treat bacterial infections. Common illnesses caused by bacteria are urinary tract infections, strep throat, and some pneumonia. Antibiotics can treat bacterial infections by killing the bacteria that causes them. Tetracycline are often used to treat acne and rosacea. Sulfonamides used to treat UTIs, bronchitis, eye and ear infections, pneumonia, and bacterial meningitis. Cephalosporin can be used to treat UTIs, ear and skin infections, respiratory infections, bacterial meningitis, and sepsis. 

At the current rate of emergence and spread of AMR, annual loss of life is expected to reach 10 million deaths by 2050 with an estimated economic cost of $100 trillion. The global antibiotic market is primarily driven by the development of novel approaches for new antibiotics for treating bacterial infections and a large number of clinical trials. Currently, Asia Pacific accounts for the leading share in the global antibiotic market.  The region is likely to present exciting growth opportunities .The global systemic antibiotics market should reach nearly $44.7 billion in 2020 from nearly $40.6 billion in 2015 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 2.0% from 2015 to 2020.

Pharmaceutical companies are actively developing analogues of existing antibiotic classes based on innovative approaches to fight bacterial infections. Key players operating in the global antibiotic market include Pfizer Inc., Astellas Pharma, Inc, Roche, Novartis AG, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Bayer HealthCare AG, Abbott Laboratories, MiddleBrook Pharmaceuticals, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Daiichi Sankyo Company, Ltd., GlaxoSmithKline Plc, Eli Lilly and Co., and Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Supportive government legislations, such as the Generating Antibiotics Incentives Now (GAIN) Act are expected to expedite the approval process. GAIN Act has provisions which facilitate development of therapy against antibiotic resistant pathogens.